By: Carl Dorsch
Some of the best processes are the ones that go unnoticed.
For example, if you go looking for a particular sewage treatment plant in
Cincinnati, Ohio, the first thing you'll notice is--you might not
notice it at all. In fact, you might drive right by the facility, dismissing it
as just another office building. It just does not look like a treatment plant.
That was one of the design goals for this pilot project
recently built in a western suburb of Cincinnati. Officially known as the Muddy
Creek-Westbourne High Rate Treatment Facility, it was placed into operation in
June of 2001 by the Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati (MSD). An
unmanned satellite plant, it is set-up to automatically handle high volume, wet
weather sewage flow. Developed with the consulting firm of BBS Corporation of
Columbus, Ohio, it was designed to blend seamlessly into the surrounding
neighborhood.
"That was the intention," said Don Cuthbert,
vice president of BBS. "You don't see it, you don't smell it
and it just sits there, quietly cleaning up the creek. In designing it, the
main concerns were public health and water quality. But from a community
perspective, I think they're more interested in aesthetics, odors and
overall appearance."
Happily, in this situation, both sets of objectives were
met.
Alleviating a CSO
Like many cities, Cincinnati is attempting to find the best
ways to meet state and federal requirements concerning Combined Sewer Overflows
(CSOs). CSOs occur in older sewer systems, where sanitary and storm sewers
often are combined. In such systems, the flow resulting from heavy rainfalls
often exceeds the capacity of sewage treatment plants. Usually, the excess is
diverted as an overflow to the nearest creek or river.
Efforts to reduce or eliminate CSOs generally focus on three
solutions. The most expensive solution is to separate the sewer flows.
Typically this is done by building a new sanitary sewer and using the existing
combined sewer as a storm sewer. A second and more limited course of action is
to increase the ability of the treatment plants to receive high rate flows.
A third solution is to develop storage capacity within the
system, so as to equalize the flow to the treatment facility. This can be done
with in-pipe storage. Some cities have built large tunnels to capture and hold
sewage for later treatment. Others have used vortex regulators to restrict and
back up the flow in existing sewers.
An alternative method to in-pipe storage is to divert high
rate flows to satellite tanks that fill and then empty into interceptor lines
running to the main treatment plant. This is the method used by MSD at their
pilot project.
One of the advantages of building satellite tanks is the
latitude afforded in site selection. Since the facility was the first of a
possible ten to thirty plants the MSD may build, not only could they choose
where to locate near a particular CSO, but they also had several CSOs to select
from.
Marty Umberg, MSD's chief engineer said the selection
was guided by a desire to make an impact on an urban stream. "We were
looking at implementing facilities of this sort first in suburban type areas;
where we can make impacts and real improvements to the streams."
The site selected for this first facility was at the origin
of the Muddy Creek, which winds its way to the Ohio River. In dry weather, the
Muddy Creek barely exists.
At this location, a trunk sewer passes by, carrying the
combined storm and sanitary flow from a suburban drainage basin of roughly
2,000 acres. Before the pilot plant went into operation, whenever it rained,
the stormwater would pour into the trunk line until the interceptor was full,
and then the combined flow would divert into the Muddy Creek. The creek then
would receive all the debris swept into the storm sewers, not to mention the
contents of the sanitary flow.
"I think people in the neighborhood welcomed the new
facility because a lot of odors used to come out of that area, especially in
the summer," Umberg said. "But it's not like there's
been strong emotions expressed about it. It hasn't been in operation for
a full year yet, and we have not had a lot of comment on it, either way."
Quite possibly, no comment is good comment. Few people phone
in their approval of a lack of odors.
Diversion and Detention
Built on a property of an acre and a half at a construction
cost of a little more than five million dollars, the satellite plant separates
the flow from the trunk line at a diversion chamber and runs it through a
coarse screen and over a grit pit.
The flow then is channeled to a regulator that in dry
weather allows it to move downstream to a wastewater treatment plant. However,
in a rainfall event, as the flow rate increases, the regulator diverts the flow
to a detention tank. The tank, which is below ground, is approximately
200¢ long by 90¢ wide. The bottom of the tank slopes from a depth of
19¢ down to 26¢, allowing it to hold a maximum of 1.7 million
gallons.
After the high-rate flow subsides, sensors trigger the
pumping of sewage out of the tank to the underflow line and then to the main
treatment plant. As the detention tank empties out, sensors open up, in sequence,
a series of six five-foot high flush basins that clean out all the sludge and
debris that accumulates along the tank's bottom. At that stage, the
system is ready for the next rainfall event.
For most of the events exceeding the tank's capacity,
it still serves to settle out the solids. The treated flow is chlorinated and
dechlorinated and then overflowed through fine screens and sent off to Muddy
Creek.
During a prolonged heavy event, the regulator will permit
the flow to bypass the tank, sending it through fine screening and then to the
creek. Finally, in the heaviest of all events, the initial diversion chamber
will overflow directly to the creek with the flow receiving only coarse
screening.
"The facility can treat about 79 cubic feet per second,
maximum rate," Cuthbert said. 'Most of the events it'll see
in a year have fairly low rates. There won't be many hours in excess of
what we can treat through the facility."
Before the facility was put on line, there typically were
130 rainfall events with nearly 600 hours of rainfall. Overflows would occur
nearly 50 times per year for about 260 hours in an average year.
"With this facility on-line, we're now in a
treatment mode for about 200 hours per year and in a bypass mode through a
secondary screen for about 16 events, about 100 hours per year. The point is,
we're trying to intercept and treat at least 85 percent of the annual wet
weather flow. That's the goal we're shooting for, and I think
it'll turn out to be quite a bit more than that."
Chop and Pump
Because of all the debris entering the detention tank, the
job of emptying the tank relies on a sturdy pair of chopper pumps, purchased
from the Vaughan Company.
When the detention tank empties out after a normal event, up
to four inches of sludge may be built up on the bottom. "Mixed in with
the sludge are papers, leaves, beer cans, plastic bottles--a lot of junk,
and it all has to go through the chopper pumps," said Lou LaCortiglia,
MSD's project manager for the plant.
While two 25 hp pumps (800 gpm) are used to empty the tank,
a smaller 15 hp pump (300 gpm) is used to chew through the debris raked from
the fine screens and sent to the screenings sump. "That might be the
bigger challenge for a pump," LaCortiglia said. "It's unbelievable
how many cigarette butts can end up in there."
From the passing road, the unmanned facility stands as a
trim little building in something of a Cape Cod design. The above ground
structure is about half the length of the underground tank and houses the
plant's control room, chemical operations and fan rooms. The facility
runs on automatic and is monitored from the main treatment plant miles away.
The fan rooms act to circulate air from the underground operations and to send
it through filters of activated carbon. As a result, the facility is
practically odorless.
About The Author: Carl Dorsch is a freelance writer.