Chlorine dioxide is an extremely effective and powerful
biocide that has been used for many years as a bleaching agent and slimicide in
the pulp and paper industry, as a disinfectant in municipal water treatment and
in many other industrial water treatment operations. However, significant
capital and operating costs have limited the use of chlorine dioxide to
large-scale applications. New technology now makes it practical to use the
biocide in a wider range of water treatment applications.
The technology, called Aseptrol, delivers chlorine dioxide in a safe, stable, easy-to-use powder. The powder features a patented, controlled sustained-release mechanism that allows precise control of the concentration, strength and rate of release of chlorine dioxide. This capability enables the expanded use of the powerful biocide to a wide variety of applications previously deemed impractical.
The Ideal Biocide
Chlorine dioxide has been called the “ideal”
biocide for a number of reasons.
• It
works against a wide variety of bacteria, yeasts, viruses, fungi, protozoa,
spores, molds, mildews and other microbes.
• It
exhibits rapid kill of target organisms, often in seconds.
• It
is effective at low concentrations and over a wide pH range.
• It
biodegrades in the environment.
• Unlike
chlorine, it does not generate harmful byproducts.
The biocide has been used in municipal water treatment for
more than 50 years in Europe and almost that long in North America. Its use has
been growing in other areas as well. For example, in the pulp and paper
industry, chlorine dioxide has replaced chlorine as a bleaching agent because
of its environmental benefits. (Although the two biocides share the name
“chlorine” their chemistries are very different, as are the
byproducts from use.)
Chlorine dioxide works by penetrating bacteria cell walls
and reacting with vital amino acids in the cytoplasm of the cell to kill the
organism. The byproduct of this reaction is chlorite, a material that is not
known to pose significant environmental or human health risks.
Other commercial uses of the material include control of
microbial growth in cooling towers and in the food processing industries,
slimicide in paper-making machines, odor control in rendering and other
food-processing plants and sulfide treatment in the oil and gas industry.
On-Site Generation
For most applications, chlorine dioxide must be produced and
used at the same location. This is because chlorine dioxide gas is unstable and
large quantities cannot be stored or transported. On-site chemical or electrochemical generation is required. Most often, chlorine dioxide is generated by reacting sodium chlorite with chlorine or reacting sodium hypochlorite with hydrochloric acid.
Investment in generating systems and precursor chemicals can
be significant. Financial and time investments also must be made to train
employees to operate the systems. Obviously this approach is impractical for
small-scale water treatment applications such as home water softeners, pools,
spas and car wash recycle water.
New Technology Means New Applications
This technology advancement from Engelhard Corp. allows
delivery f chlorine dioxide in a safe, stable powder form.
Aseptrol powders are impregnated at selected sites with
proprietary activators that combine with chlorite salt contained in the powders
to generate chlorine dioxide. The powders produce chlorine dioxide only when
they come into contact with water or when they are exposed to moisture in
ambient air. Water or moisture provides the reaction bridge between the chlorite
salt and the activator, allowing the generation of chlorine dioxide to proceed.
When sealed in airtight containers, the powders can be stored and used when
needed.
The powders can be custom formulated to deliver different
levels of chlorine dioxide and to release the biocide at specific rates. For
solution applications, the product is available in dissolvable tablets and
sachets. Both product forms are U.S. EPA-registered antimicrobials for hard
surfaces, water surfaces, car wash recycle water and cooling towers. Aseptrol
tablets also can be used in residential swimming pools. These tablets are
EPA-registered to treat white water mold and pink slime, both of which grow in
the plumbing systems of pools.
Tablets and sachets used in solutions are designed to begin
releasing chlorine dioxide up to five minutes after being combined with water
and to continue releasing the biocide for up to two hours. Powders designed for
dry applications offer a wider range of controlled release parameters. All of
the powders release chlorine dioxide independent of solution pH and volume.
After the biocide is activated, the material safely reduces into common salts.
Commercial Uses
Chlorine dioxide powders are featured in several new water
treatment products. These include sachets to control slime-forming and
odor-causing bacteria and fungi in commercial ice machines; tablets to prevent
and control algae bloom in non-chlorine swimming pools; and tablets to eliminate
microbial buildup in resin beds of home water softeners.
(See sidebar).
The Aseptrol technology is one of the first commercial
technologies to offer long-term or residual control of microbial contamination
such as unwanted slime and molds. For example, the ice-machine product will
control slime in ice machines for up to 30 days. Other products are in
development and additional regulatory approvals are being sought for emergency
drinking water use. The commercial applications for this new method of delivering
chlorine dioxide promise to be many and varied.
